Air Quality Impacts on Birds
A map of the locations where birds were exposed to air pollution in situ in the studies listed in table 1. Map created using Google Maps.
Map showing total anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in 2008. NOx is emitted by all combustion processes, and thus serves as an indicator of emissions from all fuel types. This map does not show the ambient concentrations of pollutants birds are exposed to, but rather highlights where anthropogenic air pollution would be expected to pose the greatest risk to bird communities. Map created using ECCAD (Emissions of Atmospheric Compounds & Compilation of Ancillary Data), maintained by the GEIA (Global Emissions Initiative), based on data included in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR).
Figures and text from O. V. Sanderfoot and T. Holloway, “Air pollution impacts on avian species via inhalation exposure and associated outcomes,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 12, no. 8, p. 083002, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8051.